انتشار مقاله تحت عنوان
The influence of ideological state apparatuses in identity formation: Althusserian reading of Amiri Baraka’s “In Memory of Radio”
در ژورنال بین المللی AcademicJournals
مولف: سید شهاب الدین ساداتی
لینک دریافت مقاله
http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/IJEL/article-abstract/A621DF641598
Literary Fiction
Characters
The Angel: round, static
Pelayo: flat, static
Elisenda: flat, static
The Child: flat, static
Neighbor Woman: flat, static
Father Gonzaga: flat, static
The Spider-Girl: flat, static
Protagonist: the old man/angel
Antagonist: the other characters
Conflicts: mental, emotional, physical
Setting
Time: odd, allegorical: “On the third day of rain,” “The world had been sad since Tuesday,”
Place: unknown village
Point of View: third-person limited
Suspense and Dilemma: ---
Symbols: the old man/angel: supernatural, the spider-girl: corrupted morality
Ending: indeterminate or open ending
The Folly of Human Reception of the Supernatural
The two major supernatural occurrences in the story are the old man with wings and the girl who has been turned into a spider. The people in the story treat the old man as an oddity, but not as a supernatural oddity: more a freak of nature than something beyond nature. The old man appears to be nothing more than a frail human with wings, and so his status as an angel is endlessly debated. Perhaps it is the people who lack dignity, not the old man
The Spider-Girl is a clear contrast with the Old Man. Whereas he is difficult—if not impossible—to interpret, the Spider-Girl delights the people with the clarity of her story. She disobeyed her parents as so was turned into a spider by god. Unlike the Angel, the people do not debate her status as a spider. This tendency of the public to accept supernatural explanations for such simple morality tales but to deny them in the case of complexity and frailty (as exemplified by the old man) may be satirical
The Similarity of Natural and Supernatural
These comments serve to blur the distinction between the natural and supernatural. Garcia Maquez may be suggesting that such a distinction is unnecessary, or that the people are simply blind to it. Whether it is a failure to impose the boundary or ignore it is a matter of interpretation—and the story, ultimately, invites interpretation more than it invites meaning
What is the definition of true Human
Just as the Old Man is described in terms of his animal characteristics, so too he is described as human. They see the Old Man’s humanity yet don’t feel the need to respond humanely. In contrast there is the Spider-Girl. The narrator notes that the spider girl is a much more appealing attraction because her story is full of human truth. Because her story is simply and straightforwardly moral, she is appealing, whereas the old man—full of mystery and complexity—is unappealing. Garcia Marquez invites us to consider that the truly human qualities in life are the Old Man’s—uncertainty, mystery, strangeness, open-endedness—whereas the trite moralizing of the Spider-Girl is actually far from human experience. It merely consoles the people, whereas the Old Man—by revealing our cruelty—shows them their true nature
Humans Must Interpret Events
The story illustrates the human need to interpret life’s events. The Old Man, an exaggerated dramatization of any strange event, is interpreted in many different ways. Individual characters try to attach meaning to the Old Man, or to reduce his meaning, in terms of their own lives. Thus Garcia Marquez stages the inevitable situatedness of human experience. We see things through our own eyes, and the search for a universally applicable meaning is inevitably doomed
“A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings” is perhaps the clearest and most famous example of a genre that Garcia Marquez helped to create: magical realism. This style, simply put, combines elements of ordinary life with elements of fantasy and magic. One might say that a work of magical realism treats the magical as ordinary, and thus invites us to consider the ordinary as magical. Despite containing similarities to folk legends and fairy tales, stories adhering to “magic realism” avoid the naive moral judgments found in those folk genres. Instead, magical realism creates a complex and problematic world free of moral lessons or any maxims
Irony of Situation: at the end of the story
the notes about the themes are taken from www.gradesaver.com
Literary Fiction
Conflicts: mental, emotional, moral
Climax: looking up toward heaven, page 309
Ending: sad ending
Point of View: third person limited
Character List
Goodman Brown: male protagonist, round, dynamic
Faith: female protagonist, flat, static: the embodiment of virtue
The Old Man/Devil: flat, static
Goody Cloyse: flat, static. A citizen of Salem Village who reveals herself to be a witch. Goody Cloyse is a Christian woman who helps young people learn the Bible, but in secret she performs magic ceremonies and attends witch meetings in the forest
The Minister: flat, static. The minister of Salem. The minister, a respectable pillar of the community, appears to be a follower of the devil
Deacon Gookin: flat, static. A member of the clergy in Salem who appears to be a follower of the devil. The deacon is an important man in the church of Salem, and Goodman Brown thinks of him as very religious
Allegory: The whole story as a religious allegory, page 282. Allegory of the story of Adam & Eve's Fall
Irony of Situation: at the end of the story, when we see the sad and suspicious Brown
بحث با ناقص عقلان شیوه استاد نیست
علم افلاطون حریف جهل مادرزاد نیست
حکیم لاادری!
Literary Fiction
Conflicts: mental & emotional
Suspense: ---
Dilemma: to abort or keep the unborn child
Ending: open/indeterminate ending
Characters
The American: antagonist, flat & static. The American behaves according to Hemingway’s rigid conception of masculinity, a rugged man, knowledgeable, worldly, and always in control of himself and the situation at hand
The Girl (Jig): protagonist, round & static. The girl is less assertive and persuasive. She is helpless, confused, and indecisive. She changes her mind about the attractiveness of the surrounding hills, for example; claims to selflessly care only for the American; and seems uncertain about whether she wants to have the operation
The Bartender: (speaks only Spanish), flat & static
Point of View: objective & third person limited
Although “Hills Like White Elephants” is primarily a conversation between the American man and the girl, neither of the speakers truly communicates with the other, highlighting the rift between the two
Denial of life and growth, and movement toward emptiness
White Elephant: symbolizes something no one wants—in this story, the girl’s unborn child
Literary Fiction: In “Miss Brill” the relatively plotless quality of the narrative reflects the uneventful nature of Miss Brill’s life. Page 372
Conflicts: emotional & mental
Suspense & Dilemma = ...
Ending: sad ending
Characters
Miss Brill: round & dynamic. She is the protagonist, a simple-minded woman, a convincing character who evokes our sympathy. Miss Brill copes with her isolation by completely deluding herself and ignoring that she is isolated. She is completely unaware of how others view her until she has an epiphany at the end of the story. She is more of an observer, a voyeur, and not an active participant in life. In spite of her newly found self-awareness, Miss Brill still denies some of her own emotions when “she thought she heard something crying” at the very end of the story. The tears are obviously her own
Point of View: third-person limited omniscient
Theme
Lack of communication and lack of understanding lead to pain of loneliness
Life is like a play
Symbols
Fur: the fur is clearly a symbol for Miss Brill herself
Irony
Verbal Irony: Miss Brill = lonely spinster, unmarried, friendless
Dramatic Irony: is essential to our understanding of Miss Brill’s character, Page 335
Irony of Situation: we do not expect to witness crying at the end
Commercial Fiction: Connell’s story provides fast-paced escapism and a menacing, Gothic atmosphere of mystery, horror, and the grotesque
Conflicts: physical, mental, moral
Setting
Time: after 1917 Russia’s revolution
Place: Ship-Trap Island
Full of Suspense
Dilemma: to play the game or to suffer torture and certain death at Ivan’s hands
Ending: happy ending
Characters
Rainsford: protagonist, flat & dynamic
General Zaroff: antagonist, round & static = a psychotic person who hides his vicious desires behind his wealthy & luxurious way of living. a fugitive soldier, a rich man (devoid of all emotion and humanity despite his seeming gentility), a savage hunter, a real assassin
Ivan: antagonist, flat & static
Whitney: flat & static
The Jungle: Zaroff’s complex psyche and the chaos within the island
The Island: anti-utopian society, a realm of wild, uncontrollable, and unspeakable desires recklessly pursued without any sense of morality, an unconscious embodiment of fear
Irony of Situation
سید شهاب الدین ساداتی